Intonation Definition and Examples in Speech

In speech,  intonation is the use of changing (rising and falling) vocal pitch to convey grammatical information or personal attitude. Intonation is particularly important in expressing questions in spoken English. For example, take the sentence, When does the meeting start? The word start—including the question mark—rises up or comes up in your voice when you utter the word, notes the website  English Pronunciation Roadmap. The Musicality of Language Intonation  is the melody or music of a language, says  David Crystal, author of A Little Book of Language. Intonation refers to the way your voice rises and falls as you speak, as in, Its raining, isnt it? (or innit, perhaps) In this sentence, youre not really asking a question: Youre  telling  the listener that its raining, so you give your speech a telling melody. The pitch-level of your voice falls and you sound as if you know what youre talking about, and of course, you do, so youre making a statement. But now imagine that you  dont  know if its raining, says Crystal. You think there might be a shower outside, but youre unsure, so you ask someone to check. You use the same words, but the musicality of your voice makes a different point, as in, Its raining, isnt it? Now youre  asking  the person, so you give your speech an asking melody, says Crystal. The pitch-level of your voice rises, and you sound as if youre asking a question. Pitch and Chunking To understand intonation, its important to comprehend two of its key terms: pitch and chunking.  Encyclopaedia Britannica  notes that pitch is, the relative highness or lowness of a tone as perceived by the ear, which depends on the number of vibrations per second produced by the vocal cords. Everyone has different levels of the pitch in their voice, notes Study.com: Though some are more prone to a higher pitch and some to a lower pitch, we can all change our timbre depending on who we are talking to and why. Timbre  refers to the  quality of sound that distinguishes one  voice or musical instrument from another or one vowel sound from another: It is determined by the harmonics of the sound. Pitch, then, refers to the musicality of your voice and how you use that musicality or timbre to convey meaning. Chunking—and pausing—meanwhile  packages information for the listener, says  the University of Technology (UTS)  in Sydney, adding that speakers divide  speech  into chunks, which may be single words or groups of words to communicate a thought or idea, or to focus on information the speaker thinks is important. UTS gives the following example of chunking: Does it really matter whether people speak with an accent as long as they can be easily understood? This sentence breaks into the following chunks: Does it really matter /whether people speak with an accent /as long as they can be easily understood? // In this example, in each chunk, your pitch would be slightly different to better convey your meaning to the listener. Your voice, essentially, rises and falls in each chunk. Types of Intonation Another key point about intonation involves the rising and falling of your voice. Just as a musical instrument rises and falls in its tone as an accomplished player creates a melody to convey a sense of mood, your voice rises and falls in a similar melodic way to create a sense of meaning. Take this example from an article by Russell Banks, in an article called Adultery, which was published in the April/May 1986 issue of Mother Jones. I mean, what the hell? Right? The speakers voice rises and falls in the separate chunks in these two brief sentences, as follows; I mean /What the hell? /Right? // As the speaker says the first chunk—I mean—the voice falls. Then, during the second phrase—What the heck?—the voice rises, almost like climbing a melodic ladder with each word. The speaker does this to express outrage. Then, with one the last word—Right?—the speakers voice climbs even higher, similar to hitting the elusive  high C in music. This is almost like pushing the sentence to the listener—handing it off if you will—so that the listener will agree with the speaker. (If the listener does not agree, an argument is likely to follow.) And, in the article, the listener  does  indeed agree with the speaker, by responding with, Yes, right. The response is spoken with falling intonation, almost as if the listener is giving in and accepting the dictate of the speaker. By the end of the word right, the responders voice has dropped so much its almost as if the person is giving in. Put another way, intonation is the process of chunking statements (and responses), to deliver packages of meaning. Generally, the initial statement (often a question), may rise and fall in tone, but it generally rises at the end, as the speaker passes off the sentence or question to the listener. And, just as with a musical piece that starts quietly, and crescendos in sound and timber, the tone or sound of the response falls as if the responder is bringing the discussion to a quiet ending, just as a melody quietly comes to a soft finish at the end.

Impact Of Management On International Business Essay

Impacts of Management in International Business A multinational business will face many ethics challenges, but with the right management and the right training, these challenges can be dealt with in an effective and ethical way. It’s sometimes hard to understand the thoughts one may have when making a decision that is unethical. The best thing to do is to think through all options you have and options you think you may not have before taking action. Businesses starting in a new country will face challenges such as having entry level labor that provides quality at a cheap cost. As many people know, there are companies that allow people to work in extremely poor conditions that can and will affect the health of its employees. Poor families send their children to work in these places as well to help provide essentials to living. Another example a business may face is protecting the environment. With the same excuse of needing to be competitive in a new territory, there are costs associated with proper disposal of waste and pollutants. Businesses have resorted to and continue to resort to damaging the environment by dumping their pollutants in rivers and natural habitats. Many countries still have little to no law enforcing proper disposal, resulting in damaging advantages. Finally my last example is dealing with unethical people in the area your business is now operating. When your business opens a location in a developing country, many people are poor. There areShow MoreRelatedThe General Impact of Management in International Business1075 Words   |  5 PagesNowadays the international trade has a considerable extension; the exchange of goods, services, and natural resources is making in all over the world. Transportation and communication become quicker with the precious aid of the new technology. Often, several companies move from their native country to another one. 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Process in an Ideal Weight Free Essays

The topic of weight is very prevalent among people in today’s society. Everywhere we look we find people of all sorts of different weights and appearances. Tall, small, thin, wide, fat and skinny are just a variety of the words we use to describe people. We will write a custom essay sample on Process in an Ideal Weight or any similar topic only for you Order Now Almost no one is completely happy with their weight. We are constantly looking for ways to better ourselves and improve our physical appearance. It is this paper’s purpose to provide information in helping a person feel comfortable with their weight and aid in determining an ideal body weight for you. Topics also include: society’s view on weight, the dangers of various weight-related disorders and diseases, and methods of achieving a recommended healthy weight. The goal is that once you have the proper information you will be able to achieve this ideal weight safely and on your own, giving you an ultimate sense of satisfaction. The question that is constantly being asked is just what is the ideal healthy weight? The ideal body weight is different for every individual as healthy ideal weight depends on a person’s sex, race, and genetics. To quickly simplify and determine an individual’s ideal weight we use a simple chart called the Body Mass Index or BMI for short. This chart determines how much a person should weigh. People can calculate their BMI by dividing their weight in pounds by their height in inches squared and multiplying the resulting number by 704. 5 (Woods 98). A person who weighs 164 pounds and is 68 inches would do the following calculation: 164/4624 x 704. 5 = 25 BMI. A BMI between 18. 5-24. 9 is normal and is called the safe zone (Woods 98). The people in this recommended safe zone are considered to be in the best health. A BMI less than 18. 5 usually means that a person is underweight (Woods 98). Studies indicate that the underweight have an increased risk of death compared to those of normal weight. A BMI of over 30 means obesity, and obese people take a lot of health risks (Woods 98). People with obesity have an increased risk of: high blood pressure, heart attacks, stroke, the most common form of diabetes, gallbladder disease, arthritis, respiratory problems, and certain types of cancer. As long as you fall into or close to the recommended safe zone you should feel comfortable and happy with your weight the way it is. This paper will now discuss the dangers that society’s infatuation with weight can have on a person. It will also provide methods on how a person can change to find a comfortable and healthy weight. Eating disorders are a common and very realistic part of our society. They are seen as the most dangerous health related risks involving weight. Dieting, binge-eating and food obsessions are prevalent among all weight groups. Many people strive to be lighter than their natural weights and exercise excessively and eat sparingly to attain an often-unrealistic weight goal. Societal pressures share blame for producing eating disorders. Some victims of eating disorders feel that others are pressuring them to be thin, making them feel guilty about what they eat (Washington 99). They become isolated from family and friends and turn to food as a release and source of comfort (Washington 99). People with eating disorders excessively exercise and are known to induce vomiting after eating or drinking (Washington 99). Eating disorders target many people in society. The main target group is females, especially in the traditionally masculine cultures. Society places a great deal of emphasis on the physical appearance of a person’s body and this alone is enough to drive someone into an eating disorder. An example is the supermodel with the skin and bones look whom you see on television. With this in mind many women might look at their weight and find themselves socially unacceptable. The result can be an eating disorder. Another target group is athletes. For example, in the sport of gymnastics there is pressure on the female athlete to maintain a low weight and petite slim figure. Since gymnastics is judged on how an athlete looks in competition many gymnasts develop an eating disorder as a result of the importance of body image to the sport. Another example of the occurrence of eating disorders is in boxing and wrestling. Sometimes there is pressure on the athlete to have a rapid weight loss in order to compete in a lower weight class where he or she might have a better chance of winning. There are two main eating disorders that effect many people in society. They are anorexia and bulimia. Anorexia is a deliberate and obsessive starvation in the pursuit of thinness. It is characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming obese, or the disturbance in the way one’s bodyweight size and shape is perceived by another individual (Clark 96). Bulimia is described as recurrent episodes of binge eating and a lack of control over one’s eating behaviour resulting in purging (Clark 96). Purging can be achieved by using laxatives and/or vomiting. Many of the symptoms of eating disorders are similar; however, each disorder is somewhat different. If someone is anorexic, symptoms might be: an extremely thin person, isolation, loneliness, obsessive preoccupation with food as regards: obtaining it, cooking, and eating, and compulsive exercise (Washington 99). If someone is bulimic, you might expect to see: the use of food as a comforter, laxative abuse, mood swings, constant concern about body image and weight, quick trips to the bathroom after meals, excessive exercise, some isolation, and low self-esteem (Washington 99). Both forms of eating disorders are dangerous to your health and can cause major problems, both now and in the future. Some immediate physical problems include constantly feeling cold, bloodshot eyes with dark circles, finger calluses, dizziness, weakness, moodiness, insomnia, swollen glands, sore throat, or dry skin (Washington 99). Some of the long-term effects include gastrointestinal pain, diarrhea and/or constipation, malnutrition, heart attack, permanent damage to internal organs, kidney failure, and death (Washington 99). Family and friends of people affected should be aware of the symptoms and risks associated with disordered eating patterns. It is imperative to avoid becoming a victim to an eating disorder. You will only end up hurting yourself and loved ones around you. Now that the dangers of weight have been discussed an effective method of weight gain and loss will be presented. This information will help you reach a desired ideal weight so you can be happy and take pride in yourself. The topic of weight management is prevalent in today’s society and is discussed from two different perspectives. People might think that they are too small or weak and in this case they will want to put on more weight. On the other hand, others might think that they are too big. In this case they will try to reduce their weight. Requirements of caloric intake differ for everyone. These requirements are determined by age, sex, weight and activity level. The simple definition of weight is the balance between caloric intake and caloric expenditure (Berning 96). Your body weight will change when there is a difference between calories taken in and calories burned up. Taking this into account, for the average person to lose weight the caloric intake must be less than caloric expenditure. Put simply, to lose weight you must eat less, exercise more, or a combination of both. For the average person to lose one pound they would have to run about 35 miles or eat 3,500 fewer calories (Berning 96). This is impossible to do in one day. To put this into perspective the following formula is given: 3,500 calories 7 days per week = 500 calories per day. It can than be said that eating 500 calories less per day will result in a weight loss of one pound per week. The same can be said by combining 250 calories less per day and burning 250 calories in exercise. Weight loss is most successful when diet and exercise are combined. The safe weight loss recommendation for the average person is no more than 1-2 pounds per week (Berning 96). By using this method of losing weight a person will decrease their chance of health problems and achieve their ideal weight. This method of weight loss will leave you with a sense of satisfaction and pride in reaching your ideal weight. The same basic theory applies for weight gain. In order to gain weight you need to consume more calories than you expend (Berning 96). Family history plays a major role in the development of a body. For example, people from thin families are less likely to transform their bodies into bulky muscular ones. A person can increase his chance of gaining weight with improved nutrition and appropriate weight training. Muscle is gained through intense training and the consumption of additional calories. For each pound gained as muscle you would need to consume 500-1000 additional calories each day (Berning 96). The key to weight gain is consistency and with a little hard work the average person should be able to get to his/her desired ideal weight. By combining a high calorie diet and a rigid exercise program you will find that your body will produce weight in the form of muscle, making you healthy and giving you your desired physical body image. We all must act together and make it our priority to help change society’s perception of body images. This can protect everyone by making others feel comfortable with their weight and prevent them from developing eating disorders. Education is essential. By studying our ideal weight in the BMI chart and keeping an eye on the amount of calories in our diet we can stay healthy and feel good about ourselves. This process is aided through complete reinforcement and support from our family and friends. It doesn’t stop there as we all must refrain from prejudicial treatment of fat or thin people and see beyond their weight. It is only then that we can feel comfortable with our weight and develop satisfaction in knowing that we have obtained an ideal healthy lifestyle for ourselves. How to cite Process in an Ideal Weight, Essay examples

Disk4U Enterprise Resource Planning System Implemention

Question: Discuss about the Disk4U Enterprise Resource Planning System Implemention. Answer: Introduction Disk4U Enterprise Resource Planning System Implementionfrom one of their four branches, through a phone call order, a mail order or an EBay network that the company has recently introduced. This extension has made it really obligatory for the company to improve on their existing manual processes of accounting and business reporting. Current Information System Currently, Disk4U Company Ltd is operating accounting and business reporting processes manually. According to AccountsMan (2012), manual systems of accounting and business reporting for business are prone to human errors in the regard that, people can easily miskey data or enter completely inconsistent data. Compared to computerized systems, manual systems are time consuming and report generation is very expensive. Manual accounting and reporting systems also lack security because files and records can be easily stolen or accessed and manipulated. Files can also be destroyed by natural factors including fire and floods. It is very difficult to compile reports with manual accounting systems (Gartenstein 2016). In addition, there can be data entry duplication that can greatly affect final report summaries. It is therefore necessary to acquire and implement a computerized information system in order to minimize the problems discussed above. Business Processes Business processes refer to a collection of actions executed in a precise order in a business organization to achieve goals and objectives as well as to create value for products and services says McLaughlin (2016). They model the flow of all business activities as shown in the illustration below Figure 1: Disk4U Business Process Activities Start defines the start of the process activities Suppliers represents the providers of the raw materials that become. In this case, Sungate suppliers are the farms that sell their produce to them. Inputs represents all the items required to initiate the process flow in the system Processing represents all the events that change the inputs and provides value to them for customers Outputs symbolizes produces that result from the activities Customers represents the products and services consumers End expresses the termination of the process events Business requirements Business requirements simply refers to conditions that must be achieved by a system or as conditions required by users in order to achieve specific objectives (IEEE glossary 2011). Business requirements are key features for business organizations as they allow them to focus and work towards achieving their goals and objectives. Business requirements also aid in reducing business expenses. They make a provision for an organization to operate in a flexible manner (Lodder 2016). Business requirements will for include the following To integrate all business processes To reduce order processing time To synchronize data and information To cater for existing and future stakeholders To increase productivity and profit margin To reduce report compilation time Accounting information systems (AIS) vs. Enterpriseresourceplanning (ERP) Systems Accounting information systems (AISs) are application software systems that allow business to have financial and accounting functions integrated together (AccountsMan 2012). A key role of accounting information systems (AIS) is to enhance the financial operations recordings. Accountants enter the monetary transactions into the AIS to produce information and financial reports for reviewing and decision making. AIS therefore are important in supporting business management to get well-timed information and aid in decision making. AIS are usually server based which deliver an integrated for storing financial information. This allow top managers to have quick access to review the financial evidence for an organization (Al-Muharfi 2014). Accounting information systems are narrowed to only producing chronological bookkeeping and financial records as well as preparing financial reports for lawful purposes.On the other hand, ERP systems incorporate all business functions within the same compa ny to manage functions, human resources and technology (Beal 2017). Benefits of implementing ERP System in Disk4U Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system isa managementsoftware application that encompasses a software suite designed to integrate the processes and purposes within a business in order to manage functions, human resources and technology (ibid). Some benefits that are offered by Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems including the following ERP systems provide dependable information access via a common DBMS ERP systems provide reliable consistent and accurate data thus generating improved reports Modules access similar data from the common central database, circumvents numerous input and update data operations Minimizing of retrieval and reporting response times Value-added control by business analysis of managerial decisions. Extended modules including Customer relationship management (CRM) E-Commerce and e-business provisioning Systems Requirements System requirements define all the functions which the system as a whole should accomplish to fulfill theneeds of the users (Sebok 2015). Requirements are articulated as textual statements, views, functional and non-functional requirements including security, safety and reliability (ibid). User requirements will include Access to an internet enabled computer system Log in into the ERP system using credentials including an ID and a secret PIN Log out of the ERP system Functional Requirements Functional requirements comprise functionalities that the system is projected to behave when users interact with it including how it ought to react to various kinds of input. Functional requirements for the ERP system include the following The system is built on a client server- architecture The system uses a central database The system allows users to able to describe and perform data manipulations functions The system has functionality to allow add-ons Non Functional Requirements Non -Functional Requirements include the boundaries on the functionalities to be delivered by the system such as time constraints and procedure constraints. Non-Functional Requirements for the system include the following The system interacts with the users as expected The system allows multiple user access The system provides security measures Software and Vendor Selection Sage 300 ERP Sage 300 is an ERP application software in the area of business administration and accounting for medium and small sized companies (Sage300 2016). Sage 300 was developed and is distributed by the Sage Group (ibid). The Sage Group is the third-largest provider ofenterprise resource planning (ERP)software and the largest provider to small businesses with over 6 million customers globally (Boyd 2017). Some of Sage 300 key features include accounting and finance, inventory and warehousing, sales and customer management and business intelligence and reporting (ibid). Sage 300 will provide an integrated solution for Disk4U business operations. It will allow provision for visibility providing a platform to share data and information. Sage 300 will also allow Disk4U to choose the best modules, edition, and placement procedure and payment method. The business intelligence and reporting module will make a provision of allowing data access to classify any upcoming details, perform precise analy sis and take direct action to expand performance (Sage300 2016). Conclusion Information technology (IT) is progressively becoming a central part of economic and social development around the globe. With it, have come many technologies for use in the corporate world that enable companies to better and improve overall performance and productivity. Many businesses are now adopting new IT technologies including ERPs to improve business operations. It is from this perspective that the analysts performed an analysis in order to develop a solution for enhancing business operations for the company especially in the area of finance and accounting report generation. ERP implementation will integrate business processes increasing access and information sharing. Because the system incorporates a single common database, all the company data and information will be synchronized at all the localities and hence prevent data mismatch and errors. It will enable Disk4U to compile timely reports. The ERP system will provide data and information security. By analyzing the system decisively; the analysts realized that the ERP would be beneficial to both the company and its customers at large. Recommendation The analysts recommend that Disk4U implement the Sage300 ERP system. The system will integrate all its business functions including accounting, finance, sales and finance. Transactions will be handled automatically by the system reducing the number of errors existing with the manual information system. This will decrease time wastage and depletion. Report generation will be done on time and insights and decisions to improve her business processes will be made. By implementing the ERP system, all the data and information in the company branches will be synchronized enhancing general operations and overall improve business productivity. References Al-Muharfi, A. (2014), Accounting Information System Lessons from Implementing Enterprise Resource Planning in a Saudi Case Study.Trends in Applied Sciences Research, 9: 326-344. . [Online], Available: https://www.scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=tasr.2014.326.344org=10 [Accessed 20 Jan 2017]. AccountsMan (2012), Manual Accounting Systems - advantages, disadvantages and overview of Manual accounts procedures [Online], Available: https://www.accountsman.com/manual-accounting-systems.html [Accessed 20 Jan 2017]. Boyd, C. (2017), 6 Top ERP Systems for Small Businesses, [Online], Available: https://www.softwareadvisoryservice.com/software-solutions/erp/6-top-erp-systems-for-small-businesses/ [Accessed 22 Jan 2017]. Beal, V. (2016). The Difference Between CRM and ERP [Online], (updated 13 April 2016), Available: https://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/the-difference-between-crm-and-erp.html [Accessed 20 Jan 2017]. Gartenstein, D. (2016), Advantages Disadvantages of Manual Accounting Systems, [Online], Available: https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/advantages-disadvantages-manual-accounting-systems-13302.html# [Accessed 20 Jan 2017]. IEEE Glossary. (2011), The Quest For Good Requirements, [Online], Available: https://www.batimes.com/articles/the-quest-for-good-requirements.html [Accessed 22 Jan 2017]. Lodder, H. (2016), Benefits of Business Requirements Management [Online], Available: https://requirements-management.nl/benefits-business-requirements-management[Accessed 22 Jan 2017]. McLaughlin, E. (2016) Business process, TechTarget, [Online], Available: https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/business-process [Accessed 22 Jan. 2017]. Sage300. (2017), Sage 300 business management solutions, [online], Available: https://www.sage.com/us/erp/sage-300 [Accessed 23 Jan 2017]. SEBoK. (2015), System Requirements, [Online], Available: https://sebokwiki.org/wiki/System_Requirements [Accessed 21 Jan 2017].

7 Elements of Fantasy Literature Flashcard

7 Elements of Fantasy Literature

How to choose a business-writing training provider - Emphasis

How to choose a business-writing training provider How to choose a business-writing training provider Writing skills is a subject that many trainers claim to be able to provide. Heres our guide to sorting the wheat from the chaff. Writing analysis Its important always to build on what trainees know already. So a good provider should start by assessing documents that delegates have written and do so preferably in advance of the training course. (At Emphasis, we start by assessing 14 aspects of each delegates writing, producing a graph to show which skills they should concentrate on.) Its also useful if they can do the same after training, to assess the effectiveness of the training and pick up on any outstanding learning needs. Specialist trainers The fact that English is usually the first language of trainees does not mean that any English-speaking trainer can train them to use it effectively. Many trainers claim to be able to deliver writing-skills training. But you need to make sure that they have specialist skills in this area apart from experience of running training courses on the subject. To state the obvious: English may be our native language, but its still a language. So it demands specialist skills. After all, you wouldnt want to learn Spanish from a trainer whose only qualification is that they read a book on it last week. Flexible, solutions-based approach The objective of all training should be to give trainees the skills they need to work more effectively. It should not be simply to run a training course. Make sure, therefore, that the providers you choose can be flexible in their approach. They should be able to use a range of training techniques (eg. group-based training; one-to-one, on-site coaching; telephone coaching), so that they can adopt the methods most suited to the trainees needs and circumstances. Bespoke training Training needs to be authentic to work, as trainees need to be able to apply the techniques they learn to their jobs straight away, without having to translate it. So make sure that the provider you choose has the resources to provide bespoke training courses. Follow-up support The true test of training comes when trainees get back to their desks and have to plough through the 30 emails that have piled up while they were on the course. New techniques are easily dislodged by day-to-day workloads, and its all-too easy to slip back into bad habits. So ask what back-up the trainer can provide such as telephone/email support or regular reminders of key messages. If youd like to discuss how we can help you or your team improve your business-writing, call us on +44 (0)1273 936 907 or send us a message.

The critical analysis on the immigration laws and policies after Essay - 1

The critical analysis on the immigration laws and policies after September 2001 - Essay Example Though it might be surprising, as she has written this essay on an autobiographical mode at a very old age, it has to be admitted that she has described a wholesome collection of debates, which existed between her and her sister Mira.Bharathi’s longing for the same kind of earlier life is reflected in this essay. She has particularly analyzed the issue of identity, which many outsiders face in an alien nation. Her narration of her earlier students life appears quite reasonable. In the sense, the sister’s aim to complete their education and their identical way of living seems to be an understandable one when compared with the controversial thinking due to the manipulation of unfavorable changes surrounding the immigrants. When she writes, â€Å"When we left India, we were almost identical in appearance and attitude. We dressed alike, in saris: we expected identical views on politics, social issues, love and marriage in the same Calcutta School accent†. [p-415-416] . For example, when Bharathi writes, that she lacked the â€Å"structure† of her native lifestyle because of her involvement in the â€Å"superficial pop culture† she means to say that those aspects were the indispensable points, which in turn are not likely to be accepted by her sister Mira. She is able to underpin the features, which distinguishes the situation of an individual who struggles to precede her life amidst identity crisis and another without paying the least attention towards that.

Critically evaluate and appraise that underpins public health practice Essay

Critically evaluate and appraise that underpins public health practice and policy - Essay Example We cannot afford to sit back and watch as health matters go astray (Steel 1987, p68). All medical practitioners from the management to the assistants have taken up seriously the matter of evidence research. There are many kinds of research, namely the randomized control trial, qualitative research, the survey and action research (Gomm & Davies 2000, p18). Evidence research is the form of research where the researcher builds his study around or based on an evidence or fact proven by an earlier conducted research. This is the form of research that is taking a toll in the current world. Nations are rooting for its development. It is relatively cheaper and faster. It encourages a chain of continuous discoveries and inventions. Strong promotion of the use of research evidence to underpin public health policy is currently ongoing. It is slowly but surely taking over from the evidence based medicine policy. In the UK, the body charged with the development of this new system of research is the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Evidence shows that the response to a similar public health intervention is very different between separate populations. Likewise, an intervention which generally improves a population’s health has the capability of increasing inequalities in health. In this regard, a government should not focus only on intervention’s average effects for it is likely to miss important differences. It is in fact argued that the approach of public health through evidence based research actually increases inequality bias. This is for instance the case when based on the fact that most people over the age of sixty die of cancer, the government responds by offering free chemotherapy sessions for this population only in its facilities. This creates an inequality bias on the other populations (Orme 2007, p28). It may even intensify the severely of the situation in the other

Crime and Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime and Punishment - Essay Example t or whether, a complaint should be dropped due to lack of sufficient evidences or the unavailability of key witnesses whose depositions are important for framing charges against the alleged offenders. 2. The prosecutor is expected to inform victims of the pressing of criminal charges against the suspect(s), inform the rights of the victims, the availability of legal assistance in the event parties are not able to afford legal services, the dates on which Courts would take up hearing of cases, plea agreement, pre-trial diversion, changes in court schedules, and the date, time and venue in which sentencing would take place. (The Role of Criminal Justice System Personnel). A social construct could be said to be a social framework, categorization or grouping that envisages viewing of an individual, group or idea in terms of social or culture constructions. (Social constructs - Definition of key race relations terms, (2008). Social status, for one thing, could be said to be a social construct. It is often seen that in the US, the cases of discrimination while deciding criminal cases based on social status are quite large and disproportionate. The discretionary powers of the main players, including the prosecutors are immense and may allow scope for unfair treatment of process of meting justice of a social race or person with social background. (Klepper et al, 1983, P 55). It is seen that often prosecutors may dismiss a case on the assumption that if the case were pursued in Court, the judges would do likewise, and thereby, discrimination may be shown to certain races or classes of citizens which reflect on social constructions. The origin of these myths is from the media and vested groups who seek political mileage from spreading myths; community leaders reinforce them and law enforcement agencies who believe that crime needs to be punished, or criminal minds need to be corrected and modified to suit social and environmental requirements. As a prosecutor it is

Translational Heading Control of a Hovering Platform

Translational Heading Control of a Hovering Platform Translational Heading Control of a Hovering Platform using Multiple Control Logic The main objective of this project is to design an attitude control system of a nonlinear and unstable system, which is a Hovercraft, a machine that can move on the land or water, and it is supported by cushion that has high compressed air inside. Attitude control of the hovercraft is considered a major challenge because of the friction offered by skirt and the aircushion. The main idea of this project is the development of a wireless controlled hovercraft testbed connected to a computer. The proposed control strategy for the attitude stabilization will be based upon Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) and Fuzzy Logic for the comparison of transient response, steady-state error and input output constraints satisfaction by the user. Thus ensuring if any disturbances are inflicted on the hovercraft, the controllers will be able to maintain the desired position. The reference for the attitude control will be provided from the computer. The magnetometer will measure the attitude in real-time and controllers will be implemented on myRIO. TABLE OF Contents Declaration Final Year Project Acknowledgements Abstract CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Framework 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Scope 1.4 Report Structure CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Recent Study References 1.1 Project Framework The hovercraft is a fascinating ground vehicle that possesses the unique ability to float above land or water. Riding on a cushion of air endows the hovercraft with many interesting and useful properties. Unlike wheeled robots, which feature constrained kinematics, the hovercraft can move freely in any direction. For example, although the lateral direction of travel is not usually actuated, the hovercraft is completely free to move sideways. In addition, the Coulomb damping acting on a hovercraft is minimal. The translational and attitude control perception of a hovercraft can be protracted to many control uses. A hovercraft that can rotate and attains a desired position while being mobile at the same time is designed and developed using motors, H-bridge motor driver, battery, magnetometer and NI myRIO. The controllers are designed using the software NI LabVIEW, which are then compiled and burnt on a NI hardware myRIO. The purpose of the control is to estimate the attitude of the platform with the help of sensors. Thus resulting in the use of the attained information from the sensors to make the propellers rotate in the required direction to sustain or alter the position of the hovercraft. An angular position based on the response of the control will be provided to the magnetometer. The response of the control will be transmitted through the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control, which will either make the dc motors work clockwise or anticlockwise for the translation, and attitude control of the hovercraft. These values are then added and returned to the actuator, which requires this for the production a counter torque used to set the required position of the mobile hovercraft. Fuzzy Logic and PID controllers both will be implemented and used for this project where a detailed comparison will also be performed between the two using NI LabVIEW software and NI myRIO hardware. 1.2 Objectives The aim is to develop the proposed controlled strategy for the attitude and translational control of a hovercraft, which will be based upon PID, and Fuzzy Logic set with myRIO that will measure and compute the comparison of transient response, steady-state error, and input output constraints by the user and other key parameters. All the controllers will be designed in NI LabVIEW and implemented on NI myRIO. Development of a testbed based upon multi-rotor hovercraft. Control of translational and rotational movements through wireless link. Development and testing of PID controller for the attitude control of Hovercraft. Development and testing of Fuzzy controller for the attitude control of Hovercraft. Performance comparison (Transient response, peak time, settling time, steady-state error) of above mentioned controllers. 1.3 Scope The opportunities for gaining knowledge through this project will be: Using material available easily for the development of the mobile hovercraft. Translational and heading Control of the hovercraft using NI LabVIEW Using a magnetometer for the measurement of the incline along Z-axis. Understanding the working of translational and heading control and interfacing sensors at the same time. Using NI myRIO as the mainboard of the mobile hovercraft. Implementation of PID Controller on NI myRIO. Use of PID for the attitude control of the hovercraft. Implementation of Fuzzy Controller on NI myRIO. Use of Fuzzy Controller for the attitude control of the hovercraft. Measuring the Key Parameters (transient response, steady-state error etc.) of both the controllers. Performing a comparison between both the balancing controllers. 1.4 Report Structure As a summary, the flow of this report is briefly described below: Chapter 1: Introduction that provides the background, objectives and scope of the Project. Chapter 2: Literature review of the recent studies based on this project. Also contains a brief description of the different concepts used. 2.1 Recent Study Hovercraft is an air cushion vehicle, ACV, equipped for voyaging over land, water, mud or ice and different surfaces [1]. Many control techniques have been used to compromise for issues like computer torque methods [2], developed on the foundation of PID feedback [3] [4]. Optimal control [5], adaptive control [6], variable structure control (VSC) [7], neural networks (NNs), and fuzzy systems [8] are a few of the recommended control techniques. On the other hand, these strategies are only possible when the mechanical dynamic forces of the hovercraft are well known. A detailed study on the two above mentioned controller techniques i.e. PID and Fuzzy will be carried out for the control of the mobile platform. A hovercraft is not quite the same as other more ordinary, earthbound vehicle in that it requires no surface contact for footing and it can move unreservedly over an assortment of surface while bolstered ceaselessly on a self-produced pad of air. Researches have been made to concentrate the outline qualities and working rule of the air cushion vehicle, and utilize standard estimations to decide the lift powers required. The measurements of the air hole created are likewise computed particularly. The push powers required are enormously lessened because of the decrease in frictional strengths [1]. A famous inventor named Christopher Cockrell in 1955 devised the idea of hovercraft. It is a new means of transportation. The hovercraft is different from other transportation vehicles in a way that it has no contact with the ground and it rides on a cushion of air hence known as Air-Cushion-Vehicle (ACV). He carried out a set of experiments to observe and learn the force that an air jet could produce. Encouraged by the results he designed and made a simple hovercraft, which was a plate with a hole in the middle. A fan supplied the airflow through the hole lifting the plate off the ground. This design was far from optimal. The pressure of the fan was not used efficiently and obstacles in the surface were a problem. After this first design, the hovercraft has undergone a lot of development. British government provided funding for the development of hovercrafts because they saw possibilities to use it for military purposes. In 1959, the first hovercraft prototype crossed the English Ch annel. In 1962, a passenger service by hovercraft began. The largest passenger hovercraft in the world is used for the Dover to Calais crossing. It can carry 380 passengers and 40 cars. It can attain a speed of 70 mph (miles per hour), which makes it one of the fastest ferries in the world [9]. In a research paper the author, Michael McPeake discussed about the history of the hovercraft in 2004. The author discussed the very early hovercraft used named SR.N1. This hovercraft was considered the first real craft because most of the other hovercrafts at that time resembled the planes. The skirt size used on this model was 6 inches long and later to enhance the speed they shortened the skirt size to 4.5 inches and converting to gas turbine engines hence this doubled the speed of the hovercraft. In the book written by R. M. W. Sanders, the author used Electro Cruiser, an amphibious hovercraft as his experimental model. In order to analyze the hovercraft model, the author derived a dynamical model of the hovercraft with the Newton-Euler method. The author only conducted the simulation study and not tested the controller strategy with the real hardware [9]. The U.S Naval Army used the hovercraft in Vietnam. For two years, they used hovercraft against the Vietnamese guerrillas and for ground combat. The hovercraft model they used named SR-5. After the war, the last SK-5 became a showpiece at museum [9]. At the University of Moratuwa, a project was carried out in which they made a testbed to analyze the potential capabilities of a hovercraft [10]. The students at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign also have made a hovercraft testbed for Cooperative control [11]. From the study of paper Comparison between PID And Fuzzy Controllers Used In Mobile Robot Control, where a comparison has been performed between the concerned controllers, it is known that the main issue in the fuzzy controller is that it takes a longer time for computation as compared to the PID controller. The reason for this delay is due to the fuzzification of the inputs, calculation of the experiment through inference and defuzzification of the outputs [12]. In paper Amphibious hovercraft course control based on support vector machines adaptive PID, adaptive PID controller based on support vector machines (SVM) is applied in the course control of a hovercraft, but no comparison was performed using other controllers. This control technique demonstrates that the controller designed accomplishes high dynamic and enduring exhibitions, which brings another viable technique to take care of the issue of air cushion vehicle course control [13]. Other techniques like flatness based approach, dynamic feedback control and neural networks are applied as supplementary controllers to aid the PID controller by refining the forces against the turmoil [14]. Fuzzy Logic has been applied in the paper Fuzzy reasoning as a control problem, but no hardware experimentation has been performed. Fuzzy logic is commonly used for characterizing human speech terms into mathematical expressions for the controlling of a system. The steps taken to form the optimal rules for this logic are rather time consuming. Despite this drawback, this controller operates better than PID controllers due to their non-linear functions, which therefore lead to infinite advantages [15]. Although many comparisons have been performed over the years between PID and Fuzzy Controllers. The goal of this bachelor project is to set up a feedback controlled laboratory hovercraft using NI myRIO as a real-time controller. Apart from control, designing the electrical and mechanical system for this hovercraft is also a part of the assignment. [1] V. Abhiram, A Study On Construction and Working Principle of a Hovercraft, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 308-313, 2014. [2] G. B. G. a. T. N. M. Nafar, Using modified fuzzy particle swarm optimation algorithm for parameter estimation of surge arresters models, International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 567-581, 2012. [3] J. J. Criag, Introduction to Robotics, New Jersey: Mass: Addison Wisley, 2004. [4] M. V. M. W. Spong, Robot Dynamics and Control, New York: J.Wiley Sons, 2003. [5] I. C. J. C. a. C. S. W.H. H. S.H. Chen, Design of stable and Quardratic-Optimal Static Output Feedback Controllers for TS-Fuzzy-Model-Based Control Systems, 8: 1, 2012. [6] K.-S. S. T.-H. S. L. a. S.-H. Tsai, Observer-based adaptive Fuzzy Robust controller with self-adjusted membership functions for a class of uncertain MIMO non-linear systems, International Journal of Innovative Computing and Control, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1419-1437, 2012. [7] J. Z. P. S. a. Y. Xia, Robust Adaptive Sliding-Mode Control for Fuzzy Systems with mismatched uncertainties, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 700-711, 2010. [8] O. D. a. .. H. H. S. C. Elmas, Adaptive fuzzy logic controller for DC-DC converters, Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1540-1548, 2009. [9] M. McPeake, History of Hovercraft, Ms Giffen Tech High Senior Engineering, New York, 2012. [10] Project Hovercraft, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, 2014. [11] First-year engineering students get creative at IEFX Explorations, Urbana-Champaign, 2016. [Online]. Available: www.mechanical.illinois.edu. [12] N. P. a. O. C. C. Popescu, Comparison between PID And Fuzzy Controllers Used In Mobile Robot Control, Annals of DAAAM Proceedings, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 223, 2011. [13] Z. L. M. F. a. C. W. X. Shi, Amphibious hovercraft course control based on support vector machines adaptive PID, IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics (ICAL), pp. 287-292, 2011. [14] H. S.-R. a. C. A. Ibanez, The control of the hovercraft system: a flatness based approach, IEEE International Conference on Control Applications. Conference Proceedings, pp. 692-697, 2000. [15] K.-Y. C. a. L. Zhang, Fuzzy reasoning as a control problem, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 600-614, 2008.

Physics Investigation of Stopping Distances :: Papers

Physics Investigation of Stopping Distances Aim === To investigate how a toy car's stopping distance is affected by its vertical height Hypothesis The greater an object's gravitational potential energy the longer it will take to cease all movement. This is because it will have more kinetic energy - and if we assume that the energy is removed at a constant rate by friction then the more kinetic energy an object has the longer it will continue moving Background knowledge This experiment will be looking at the transfer of energy from gravitational potential energy (gpe) to kinetic energy (ke) and the effect of friction on the loss of kinetic energy. gpe = mass (kg) X force of gravity (9.18N per kg on Earth) X the object's vertical height (m) This means that the more vertical height an object gains the greater its gpe is. Friction applies an opposite force to a moving object, which means the object will loose energy faster than usual. The greater the friction the faster the energy loss. Equipment Toy car, 2 wooden bards (1m long 40cm wide), metre ruler, several textbooks of equal size ('physics in action'), a set of scales Method 1. Record weight of car 2. Using the formula for gpe calculate the car's gpe 3. Set up the boards and books as seen below so that the start point is at the required height 4. Hold car at start point and release 5. Record the distance travelled across the flat board [IMAGE] Fair test variables  · Same equipment for each test - different cars will perform differently, different boards will give different amounts of friction  · Start point on board - if the car travels a different distance on the sloped board before it runs on the flat board than it will be affected by gravity differently and this will change the results  · The same person should release the car each time and in the same way

Relationship between Inflation and Interest Rate Essay

Interest and inflation are key to investing decisions, since they have a direct impact on the investment yield. When prices rise, the same unit of a currency is able to buy less. A sustained deterioration in the purchasing power of money is called inflation. Investors aim to preserve the value of their money by opting for investments that generate yields higher than the rate of inflation. In most developed economies, banks try to keep the interest rates on savings accounts equal to the inflation rate. However, when the inflation rate rises, companies or governments issuing debt instruments would need to lure investors with a higher interest rate. The Relationship between Interest and Inflation Inflation is an autonomous occurrence that is impacted by money supply in an economy. Central governments use the interest rate to control money supply and, consequently, the inflation rate. When interest rates are high, it becomes more expensive to borrow money and savings become attractive. When interest rates are low, banks are able to lend more, resulting in an increased supply of money. Alteration in the rate of interest can be used to control inflation by controlling the supply of money in the following ways: †¢A high interest rate influences spending patterns and shifts consumers and businesses from borrowing to saving mode. This influences money supply. †¢A rise in interest rates boosts the return on savings in building societies and banks. Low interest rates encourage investments in shares. Thus, the rate of interest can impact the holding of particular assets. †¢A rise in the interest rate in a particular country fuels the inflow of funds. Investors with funds in other countries now see investment in this country as a more profitable option than before. Inflation and Interest Rates: Effect on the Time Value of Money Inflation has a significant impact on the time value of money (TVM). Changes in the inflation rate (whether anticipated or actual) result in changes in the rates of interest. Banks and companies anticipate the erosion of the value of money due to inflation over the term of the debt instruments they offer. To compensate for this loss, they increase the interest rates. The central bank of a country alters interest rates with the broader purpose of stabilizing the national economy.  Investors need to keep a close watch on interest and inflation to ensure that the value of their money increases over tim e.

The Effects of Affluenza on Our Fragile Environment Essay Example

The Effects of Affluenza on Our Fragile Environment Essay Example The Effects of Affluenza on Our Fragile Environment Paper The Effects of Affluenza on Our Fragile Environment Paper This problem will cause the sea levels to rise and as a result thousands of homes will be underwater never to be lived in again. Affluent is usually described as an endorsement of the flow of wealth that causes a division of classes, and loss of financial, environmental and emotional balance. Graff, Wan and Anally, 18) In persons, symptoms Of affluent are addiction to work and anarchy; jack of confidence; hopelessness; a loss of enthusiasm and an artificial sense of power. Affluent may come with obsessive conducts. Affluent is prevailing throughout the world: in individuals who have assets. Affluent is an important reason of environmental change, scarcity of biodiversity and the heritage of leaving offspring. (Science Magazine, 29) _ Impacts of Affluent on Environment_ Defining and spreading impact of Affluent and environmental pollution on humans is the mission of this essay. Although this malady might once have been labeled stress or greed, studies demonstrate that the syndrome of Affluent is much more complex. It is related to many of the social and environmental problems that exist today, either as a cause, a result, or both. If this problem continues there will be serious consequences. Some of the impacts include tremendous cost of pollution cleanup and prevention. It also has a dramatic effect on natural resources in forests, wetlands and rivers are just a few of our natural resources. These resources perform different tasks. All are vital services for the Earth. They enhance air and water quality, provide habitats for plants and animals and provide food. Simply put we live of them o if we continue to damage our lifelines we will have a hard enough job staying alive never mind all the other jobs we have to do. According to Former Harvard Business School marketing professor David Shorten, The whole corporate system and the cause of globalization are increasingly geared toward bringing every country into the consumer system. Theres a very strong emphasis on trying to reach children to reshape their values from the very beginning to convince them that progress is defined by what they consume. (Science Magazine, 29) It is of great importance to understand the symptoms of Affluent: shopping ever, chronic stress, hyper commercialism, material boys and girls (marketing to and consumption by children), a rash of bankruptcies, fractured families, social scars (a loss of community), and global infection (socially and environmentally unsustainable practice). Dennis and Hamilton, 1 75) For each symptom, there are several examples, like, under global infection we learn that one fifth of the worlds people live in absolute poverty, that since 1 950 residents of the United States alone have used more resources than all people who have lived on earth before them, and that each citizen uses 20 ions of resources a year. Social columnist Jeremy Riffing says during the nineteenth century, consumption itself (tuberculosis) considered as a bad thing. A quick review of the notion of simplicity in culture describes the interest in simple living at the turn of the 20th century, the involuntary simplicity of the Great Depression, the post-World War II consumer boom fueled by government-housing and highway policies, the counterculture movement of the 1 9605 and 1 9705, and Jimmy Carters 1979 speech in which he criticized the increasing materialism of the society. But as Shih suitably observes, part of Jimmy Carters failure was his lack of recognition of how deep and widespread the consumer culture had become. (Dennis and Hamilton, 158) Although the attention devoted to voluntary simplicity is more extensive than that devoted to any of the symptoms of affluent, it only begins to give a feel for what a simpler lifestyle might entail. The researchers recognize that Affluent could only provide an introduction to voluntary simplicity and are at work on a follow-up program, originally titled Living Better on Less. As mentioned by Dennis, Th ere is absolutely no way everyone can live at our tankard of affluence. Consumption threatens to devour world resources within a single lifetime. (Dennis and Hamilton, 124) Attention to this issue will only increase in the future. When simpler, less consumptive lifestyle will be seen as a possible cure for the various problems and simplicity will grow as a lifestyle choice and as a social movement. According to a national environmental group, due to air pollution, probability is high that infants and kids will develop cancer in later years of their lives. Due to air pollution, toxic chemicals are mixed with childrens cereal and thus can cause cancer, but the overspent are not paying enough attention to this issue so far. Science Magazine, 29) Conclusion and Recommendation It feels that all kinds of environmental pollution can be reduced or ultimately stopped once and for all by controlling Affluent. Every individual must look at Earth as being someone or something really special to us. Look after this like a child. Love it and care for it as if it were your own. No one should trash it or take advantage of it. However if this problem of abuse towards our world continues it is inevitable that it will get back at us in the future. Perhaps owner rather than later, reducing or stopping pollution for the soul purpose of saving our Earth is a simple task. Everyone should get involved, rich or poor, healthy or sick. If more people take part in the programs already out there then it might not be too late. However someday in the future (maybe not in our lifetime) the Earth will decide it has had enough and that will be the end of everything, as we know it. If Earth dies it will surely take us with it. Just remember that when youre holding a wrapper or an empty can in you hand and there is no bin about that our fate is in our hands. As suggested by Scott Simon earth could support the worlds population at nearly our living standards if we revised many of our consumption and spending habits. However, some argue that even at dramatically reduced levels of consumption and increased levels of productive echo-efficiency, human population must be reduced to achieve a sustainable future. Many more argue that revising spending and consumption habits as the proponents of voluntary simplicity suggest will in fact destroy Our current standard of livi ng. The challenge that Affluent so nicely poses for the latter group is whether society should choose to emphasize quantity or quality of life.

Diffusion and osmosis essays

Diffusion and osmosis essays 1. a) Bulk movement is the overall movement of a fluid. The molecules all move in the same direction. Diffusion however is the random movement of molecules which usually results in a fairly even distribution. In other words the movement is not guaranteed to move in one direction but the probability that it will move in the lower gradient is greater. Osmosis is similar to diffusion but is differentiated by the membrane's behavior. The cell membrane does allow water to move from higher to lower concentrations but does not allow solutes do that. b) Water potential is the capacity of water to move to a from a region where there is high water potential to low water potential. This action happens without the affect of outside forces. When outside actions due occur and they give water a high potential energy than the water will move to the region where less potential energy is. Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure required to stop water the movement of water. This is a method of measurement. The osmotic potential is the measure of tendency of water to move through a membrane which contains a solution. This occurs when a cell does not allow a hypertonic solution to leave the cell membrane. The cell begins to increase with water but the cell membrane can not release the solution and thus the water potential within the cell increases. This causes the water to no longer enter the cell. c) Hypotonic is less solute to a certain amount of water. Hypertonic is more solute to a certain amount of water. Isotonic is the equal amount of solutes in two different solutions. d) Endocytosis is the inward bulge causes by incoming molecules. Exocytosis is the expelling of a material outside a cell. e) Phagocytosis is the process where the cell obtains solid matter. This is different from the pinocytosis where the cell obtains liquid matter. These both are endocytic processes. Receptor-media...

Racial Profiling (human Right) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Racial Profiling (human Right) - Essay Example President George W. Bush has promised that he would end racial profiling shortly after taking office but there has been no improvement. Despite this, there has been an increase in racial profiling and the study also showed that states law does not provide sufficient and consistent protection against profiling. An extensive research done by Amnesty International USA (AIUSA) showed that, national security is undermined when law enforcement uses racial profiling as a surrogate for criminal suspicion. Racial profiling should stop before it eradicates the crime fighting gain of the last decade especially in the inner cities. Whenever enforcement statistics shows high rates of minority stops and arrests, the anti-profiling activists usually makes police an all but overwhelming presumption. Racial profiling has been primary focusing on the highway stop and police has been accused of pulling over a lopsided number of minority drivers in order to look for drugs rather than stopping a spender next to him. The driver may have committed an infringement but the reason for stopping him is his race. (Mac Donald, 2001) Racial profiling causes distrust and tension between the police and the community and this in turn affects all aspects of criminal justice systems. One of the fundamental principles of democracy is a guarantee of all individuals to equal protection under the law. Despite this, there has been a steady decline in the crime rate in nearly every community in the United States for the past eight years. "Law enforcement officers should not endorse or act upon stereotypes, attitudes, or beliefs that a person's race, ethnicity, or national origin increases that person's general propensity to act unlawfully". (Mc Devitt, Farrell, and Ramirez, 2000). According to Mc Devitt, Farrell, and Ramirez, (2000), it is through data collection that law enforcement agencies should address concerns and allegations regarding discriminatory policing. Data collection of information on the nature, character, and demographics of police enforcement practices, enhances the ability to assess the appropriate appli cation of the authority and broad discretion entrusted to law enforcement. United States should have both effective enforcement and protection of the civil rights of all Americans. The U.S Department of Justice is set about developing a resource guide on resource guide on racial profiling data collection systems to encourage voluntary data collection. The American news media exploded with coverage of the racial profiling problem in the late 1990s. The local and national press had illustrated the individual and social costs of racial profiling. The community of color had been labeled the phenomenon with sarcastic terms such as "driving while black" or "driving while brown." According to survey that was conducted, it confirmed that most Americans, regardless of race, believe that racial profiling is a significant social problem. Gallup Poll released on 9 December , 1999 showed that more than half of Americans polled believed that police actively engage in the practice of racial profiling and, more significantly, 81 percent of them said they disapprove of the practice.1 According

History and development of international law Essay

History and development of international law - Essay Example Despite existence of the political, global and territorial differences the whole world is considered as a global village and such concept mainly enhances the idea of universal brotherhood. At the same time in the context of trade, cultural intercourse, the idea of globalization plays a major part. In this context it needs mentioning that no matter how much the globalization aspect seems positive and flawless but at the same time it includes several lacunas. In this global society also the superior nations are finding an opportunity to show their aggression, to inflict oppressive approaches towards the other nations, their people and their economy. The rate of crime has also increased to a great extent and most of the criminal, after committing the criminal deeds flee to other nations to seek shelter. As administrative system of a particular nation does not have the power to exercise the hold over other jurisdictions, the fear of being caught is reduced to a great extent for those cri minals. At the same time economic aggression is also taking a brutal shape. According to modern international treaties in the post World War II situation it has not been possible for the nations to exaggerate the power of politics to express their imperialistic mentality. Thus, those nations have adopted the procedure of economic aggression through which a superior nation can enjoy economic hold over the other nation through trade relationship. Thus, the importance has also been realized by legal scholars that there must be some kind of restraints that prevent one nation to become havoc over the other. These are some of the typical situation; rather problems at the international level that generated the emergence of this new discipline of legal jurisdiction: International Law. Legal and scholars of jurisprudence have attempted to provide definition of the International Law in different

Starbucks Analyse Marketing Activities and Performance Essay

Starbucks Analyse Marketing Activities and Performance - Essay Example It opened its very first outlet in Market Place, Seattle’s Pike. In 1986 it was acquired by Schultz, who envisioned it as a home coffee shop where people can get the best coffee with other complementary services. The company was expanded with proper positioning and marketing strategies soon after it was acquired by Schultz. Starbucks then reanalyzed its marketing activities which were solely based upon maintaining a personal and cherished relationship between customers and the company. This was done initially by reviving the experience of Italian Espresso Bars. The company’s primary focus was over the quality services extended to its customers and the overall in-store experience. Therefore they bought the best quality coffee and maintain a consummate brand image. The company had a mission statement stating the real purpose of existence i.e. to serve American population. In exact words: â€Å"To instigate and nurture the human strength through serving them one cup per p erson at a specific area† (Charles W. Lamb 22). After having successful business for twenty five years Starbucks expanded its business into the foreign lands. This was initiated through the opening of their first international outlet in Tokyo, Japan. Currently the company has more than 17,000 stores in 49 countries which has enabled the company to become the most recognizable and reputable brand of the world. From the time when it was established in 1971, the company has shown a significantly increasing growth trend which indicates its outstanding performance and enhanced satisfaction level of Starbucks’ customers (Charles W. Lamb 22). Organizational Chart (Starbucks) Product Portfolio Starbucks has a distinctive product portfolio which encompasses a wide range of coffee flavors. It is divided into five categories, namely: Starbucks, Creamice, Fontana, Tazo Tea and Supplies (Products: Our Complete Product Portfolio). Starbucks: It is further classified into ingredients of beverages which are mostly used in production of different drinks and coffees. They also have branded cups with the name of ‘Starbucks’. Additionally they have hot cocoa which is a very unique, high quality chocolate drink and resale merchandize which includes: ceramic cups, roasted dry fruits, biscuits, etc. Creamice: It includes all the beverages which fall into the category of frozen blend. These are served with flavor treats and customized syrups. It has been divided into further categories: Latte, Mango, Mocha and Raspberry. Fontana: It contains a wide variety of syrups and sauces which turns beverages into specialty offering i.e. unique to Starbucks only. The major categories includes: chocolate syrups, fruit syrups and sauces, nuts and essences. Tazo Tea: Coffee and tea are ever best companions and Starbucks has further intensified their relationship. There is a huge variety of tea which is sold in branded packaging. It is artfully blended to give a superior t aste to the customers. The extended versions include: Gallon Bulk Iced tea I, Gallon Bulk Iced Tea II, Filter bag and Tea Latte Concentrate. Supplies: They supply a wide range of products concerning coffee and tea. For instance, they have filters of different sizes, cleaning powders, brushes, pitchers, cream dispensers amongst other things. Broadly the supplies are categorized in to airpots and carefes, small wares, cups and cleaning stuff. SWOT Strengths (Starbucks SWOT Analysis): They have a wide range of p

Budget Management and Variance Analysis Essay Example for Free

Budget Management and Variance Analysis Essay A budget is a tool that helps managers to ensure that the required resources are obtained and used effectively and efficiently as the organization moves towards achievement of its objectives. The budgets are determined yearly and are based upon the previous year’s budget and variances. This paper will discuss a development of operating budget, comparison expense results with budget expectations, description of possible reasons for variances and strategies to keep results aligned with expectations, recommendation some benchmarking techniques that might improve budget accuracy. The operating budget is a plan for the organization’s revenues and expenses that generally covers a period of one year (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). In healthcare organization the nurse manager of each cost center involves in the preparation and control of the operating budgets (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). The finance office of the organization provides support throughout the budget process development. The budgets for the costs centers are combined, and the executive management of the organization makes final decisions on a budget to be submitted to the board for approval. The nurse managers need a variety of information to begin the process of preparing operating budgets for their cost centers, such as the information generated by the organization’s environmental review and by its development of general goals, objectives, policies, organization wide assumptions, program priorities, and specific measurable objectives (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). For example, the environmental review and the general goals, objectives, and policies allow the manager to understand what the organization wants to accomplish and what it believes it will be able to accomplish. For another instance, the organization-wide assumptions and specific measurable objectives then provide the manager with information needed to start preparing the specific details of the budget. In addition, within nursing administration, additional back-ground information is needed before nurse managers can commence cost center budget preparation (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). Especially the organization’s approach to delivering nursing care must be clearly understood by all nurse managers. For example, responsibilities of LPNs as opposed to RNs, role of nursing assistants, or proportion of staff works on each shift. According to Finkler, Kovner, Jones (2007), the primary steps of the operating budget development include the calculation of expense budget for personnel, the expense budget for costs other than personnel services, and the revenue budget, budget submission, and budget implementation. To prepare the revenue or expense portions of the operating budget, the first step is to ascertain the volume of work for the coming year (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). The amount of work performed by a unit is referred to as its workload (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). Workload budget is budget that indicates the amount of work performed by a unit or department, measured in terms of units of service. Workload may be measured in a variety of ways, such as the number of patients, patient days, deliveries, visits, treatments, or procedures. Each cost center must determine the measure that is most appropriate for its unit of service. Once a cost center defines its key unit or units of service, it must predict the number of units of service that will be provided in the coming year. This will allow development of the operating budget. Expense budget for personnel is budget for all personnel under the manager’s direction, generally within a cost center such as RNs, LPNs, aides, and clerical staff (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). Expense budget for other-than-personnel services is budget for all expenses for other-than personnel services such as supplies, minor equipment, including both direct unit or department expenses and indirect overhead expenses (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). Budget submission is another step in budget development, when revenue and expense portions of the budget must be summarized and submitted for review together with detailed supporting calculations and narrative justification (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). Budget revisions may be required as the result of a series of negotiations over the submitted budget (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). Budget implementation is a final step of budget development, when managers must address a number of issues in implementing an approved budget, including development of a staffing plan that provides coverage for staff weekends, olidays, vacations, and sick leave as well as busy and slow periods (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). A budget variance occurs when the actual results of financial activity differ from your budgeted projections (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). The expense reports show the difference between the budget and the actual amount spent and the result is called the variance. Variances may be within the budget, which is favorable, or over the budget, which is unfavorable (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). The variance is used to predict the budget for upcoming years, help with spending during the current year, and help with evaluating the managers and their departments. To determine the cause of variances the managers must investigate and justify to upper management why the variance occurred. There are a variety reasons for variances, which must be identified and controlled if possible. While analyzing the nursing expense results from various units for a pay period, there were some favorable and unfavorable variances. While reviewing the expense record the paid productive hour’s variance was within the budget and the paid nonproductive hour’s variance was 60 hours over the budgeted hours. The unfavorable variance of paid nonproductive hours may have occurred due to some staff being on modified duty, sick leave, meeting time, or education time, which means they are getting paid with no patient care involved. The overtime percentage of hour’s variance was 7. 5% over the budget and the registry percentage of hour’s variance was 8. % over the budget, both are unfavorable. The overtime may have been caused by bad time management, late arrival of the next shift, or working past shift hours due to not enough staff. The increase in the registry hours may have been due to not enough regular staff due to hiring freeze or staff being off for personal or illness reasons. The hours per patient day (HPPD) licensed productive hours was . 13 over budget, the direct product hours was within budget, and the total productive hours was within budget. The hours per patient day over budget may have been caused by the unit being over staffed or also due to the overtime and registry hours. The average daily census (ADC) per unit varied from being within budget to 7. 50 over the budget. The daily census is very unpredictable and depends on the time of year, the admissions from ER or the clinic, and transfers from other hospitals or facilities. Strategies to keep the results aligned with expectations may be done by performance budgeting, which will analyze key reas such as staffing, cost control, increased productivity, and indirect and direct patient care. The activities affected by analyzing these performance areas would be daily staffing calculations, reduced cost to the unit, working more efficiently and better time management, patient care planning, and time spent on patient charting. Offering incentives could also be a good way to involve the staff by informing them of the budget goals. Benchmarking helps to identify performance gaps and identify where improvement is needed. â€Å"Benchmarking is used by large health systems and smaller practices alike as a tool to identify targets and set goals enabling staff to compare the operation’s service, process, and outcomes with those already attaining best practice† goals† (Borglum, 2008, para 12). There are many benchmarking techniques; for the purpose of this paper three will be discussed, financial, performance, and operational. Financial benchmarking is performing a financial analysis and comparing the results in an effort to assess your overall competitiveness and productivity† (Cimasi, 2006, para 10). â€Å"Financial benchmarking is among the more effective techniques for extracting information from a health care enterprise’s historical operating performance and presenting it in a form that facilitates informed judgments that help predict the subject entity’s future operating performance and financial condition† (Cimasi, 2006, para 16). Performance benchmarking involves comparing the performance levels of organizations for a specific process, this information can then be used for identifying opportunities for improvement and/or setting performance targets† (Business Performance Improvement Resources, 2011, para 26). â€Å"Performance levels of other organizations are normally called benchmarks and the ideal benchmark is one that originates from an organization recognized as being a leader in the related area† (Business Performance Improvement Resources, 2011, para 27). Performance benchmarking may involve the comparison of financial measures (such as expenditure, cost of labor, cost of buildings/equipment, cost of energy, adherence to budget, cash flow, revenue collected) or non-financial measures (such as absenteeism, staff turnover, the percentage of administrative staff to front-line staff, budget processing time, complaints, environmental impact or call center performance)† (Business Performance Improvement Resources, 2011, para 28). In conclusion, the operating budget is a plan for the organization’s revenues and expenses that generally covers a period of one year and developed by the nurse manager with support of the finance office of the organization (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). Variances may occur at any time, may be internal or external, and in most cases are correctable once investigated by the mangers. Benchmarking is used in strategic management and compares processes and performance to help improve organizations. The use of financial ratios and benchmarking is critical to understanding an entity’s overall historical performance and to the forecasting function of valuation analysis† (Cimasi, 2006, para 28). This paper has discussed specific strategies to manage budgets within forecast, compared five to seven expense results with budget expectations, described possible reasons for variances, gave strategies to keep results aligned with expectations, recommended three benchmarking te chniques, and identified what might improve budget accuracy, and justified the choices made.

Organic Hair Dyes Essays -- cosmetics, history, ancient rome

Organic Hair Dyes Organic dyes in hair products and cosmetics have been used throughout history for many aspects of culture and art. Today organic dyes are used in the process of hair dying and colouring where many aspects of the organic molecule are taken into account. Some dyes are permanent where they stay until the hair falls out, where some dyes can be washed away due to their binding process into the hair1. Certain dyes have their own way of being set into hair fibres and easier ways to set these are being researched. Hair dyes have been used throughout history and have been remarkably improved on, many new colours and processes have been made and many issues have come with them. Hair dyes have been used throughout history and started out in very simple ways. Around 3150BC ancient Egyptians were one of the first to start using dyes in hair.2 From a plant called â€Å"Henna† they obtained the leaves and mashed them in mildly acidic conditions.3 When the leaves are mashed in these conditions the leaves release a molecule called lawsone.3 This molecule is the organic molecule responsible for the brownish red colour and is the dye acquired from this mixture. With small amounts of the molecule mixed with various other compounds, oranges can even be created. Mashed henna also incorporated with para-phenylenediamine (PPD) to give a dark black red colour. 3 This molecule will not stay in the hair unless it is somehow oxidized once in the hair fibres but was not discovered until the 1900s. It is speculated that the ancient Egyptians used slaked lime and water with lead oxide to make a paste where it was then rubbed into the hair for a long period of time .2 The slaked lime and water solution was very high in alkali metals,... ...hnology improves and the safer the process is becoming for all users. References 1. Clausen, T. Hair Preparations. Wiley . 2006. Volume 1.1-46. 2. Nayland, C. (2006, 10 26). [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://carlanayland.blogspot.ca/2006/10/ancient-egyptian-hair-dye-technology.html 3. Wikipedia. (2014, 04 02). Henna. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henna 4. The hair in ancient times. (2014, 04 04). Retrieved from http://thehistoryofthehairsworld.com/old_age_2.html 5. Raja et al. Pelagia Research Library. 2012, Volume 3.156-161 6. San Rafael. The Chemistry of Plant and Animal Dyes.1-5. 1981. Volume 58.1-5. 7. Discovery of hair dye. (2014, 04 04). Retrieved from http://humantouchofchemistry.com/discovery-of-hair-dye.htm 8. Morel. Olivier ,Christie. Robert. American Chemical Society. 2011. Volume 4. 2537-2561.

Essay --

â€Å"Currency devaluation is typically an event resulting from a policy (political) decision and is most often associated with the nations that elect to â€Å"fix† the exchange rate for domestic currency in relation to another nation’s (or region’s) currency or some other fixed standard† (Owen, 2005). In other words, devaluation occurs in a situation when a country is operating under a fixed exchange rate regime and its government decides to lower the value of its currency in relation to the currency it is pegged against. In the case of Venezuela, the bolà ­var fuerte is pegged against the US dollar. A government objective generally associated with devaluation is the improvement of a trade deficit. If a country’s imports are greater than their exports, devaluing their currency can help, as it reduces the â€Å"purchasing power of domestic money in terms of foreign goods and increases the purchasing power of foreign money in terms of domestic goods† (Johnson, 1971). This in effect means domestic goods (exports) become cheaper and imports become more expensive, resulting in an increase in the demand for exports, with a fall in imports, and hence improving the balance of payments. Being South America’s largest oil-producing nation, Venezuela receives most of its export income from this industry. It therefore comes as no surprise that devaluation is so attractive to their policy makers as increased demand for their oil exports would allow them to accumulate more domestic monetary resources. However, an implication of this policy has been the negative effect on th e poor who spend the majority of their income on food and other basic necessities that are mainly imported goods. With inflation averaging between 20-30%, this has meant that fewer goods are... ... cites the theory of Mundel(1960) and says that, " According to this theory, it is impossible to simultaneously have a fixed exchange rate, free capital movement (an absence of capital controls), and an independent monetary policy. In conclusion, a currency devaluation whose primary aim is to improve the balance of payments has both its advantages and disadvantages. In the case of Venezuela, it has done more harm than benefited the economy. Even if the government were to try and borrow, very few investors would be willing to hold Venezuelan government debt as it would be deemed very unattractive and risky. Devaluation has in many cases been known to reduce the credit worthiness of an economy on the global markets. In the end, it could also result in an out flow of investments as investors may feel that the risk is too high for them when they invest in Venezuela. Essay -- â€Å"Currency devaluation is typically an event resulting from a policy (political) decision and is most often associated with the nations that elect to â€Å"fix† the exchange rate for domestic currency in relation to another nation’s (or region’s) currency or some other fixed standard† (Owen, 2005). In other words, devaluation occurs in a situation when a country is operating under a fixed exchange rate regime and its government decides to lower the value of its currency in relation to the currency it is pegged against. In the case of Venezuela, the bolà ­var fuerte is pegged against the US dollar. A government objective generally associated with devaluation is the improvement of a trade deficit. If a country’s imports are greater than their exports, devaluing their currency can help, as it reduces the â€Å"purchasing power of domestic money in terms of foreign goods and increases the purchasing power of foreign money in terms of domestic goods† (Johnson, 1971). This in effect means domestic goods (exports) become cheaper and imports become more expensive, resulting in an increase in the demand for exports, with a fall in imports, and hence improving the balance of payments. Being South America’s largest oil-producing nation, Venezuela receives most of its export income from this industry. It therefore comes as no surprise that devaluation is so attractive to their policy makers as increased demand for their oil exports would allow them to accumulate more domestic monetary resources. However, an implication of this policy has been the negative effect on th e poor who spend the majority of their income on food and other basic necessities that are mainly imported goods. With inflation averaging between 20-30%, this has meant that fewer goods are... ... cites the theory of Mundel(1960) and says that, " According to this theory, it is impossible to simultaneously have a fixed exchange rate, free capital movement (an absence of capital controls), and an independent monetary policy. In conclusion, a currency devaluation whose primary aim is to improve the balance of payments has both its advantages and disadvantages. In the case of Venezuela, it has done more harm than benefited the economy. Even if the government were to try and borrow, very few investors would be willing to hold Venezuelan government debt as it would be deemed very unattractive and risky. Devaluation has in many cases been known to reduce the credit worthiness of an economy on the global markets. In the end, it could also result in an out flow of investments as investors may feel that the risk is too high for them when they invest in Venezuela.

Ms hall

I have read your summary regarding your current challenge with changing marketing trends and the upcoming renewal of your 5 year contract with a large quick service restaurant. You have had a long and profitable relationship with this international fast food company and this relationship has been an Important part of your firm's growth. While you do face some obstacles, there are solutions to overcome these. First hand and most Importantly lets point out and discuss the problems you face.First the market trend issue: The marketing trend challenge you currently face is a decline in the sale of kid meals. With technology advancing kids no longer value the toys you market. In addition, child obesity and health problems are receiving greater attention in the media and the threat of advertising regulations is increasing, these regulations are already in place in Europe. Your manufacturing costs in China have gone up 40% due to an increase in raw material costs and export tariffs. And to t op it off the overall time to market these toys is lengthy.Last and most important your team has been ineffective in addressing these market trends, and working collectively to resolve these Issues. Renewing this contract and maintaining relationship Is important to your firm. Are you assuming the USSR wants to renew the contract and do they want toys? Is your firm prepared to take on this large account at this time? These are 3 recommendations to help you. Restructure of your organization this should be done prior to renewing the contract, ask the USSR for extension of contract renewal.Re evaluate and define your mission and goals. Establishing an innovation team or a R and D department. Teams and managers should have regular meetings with an agenda to implement your business strategy, improve communication and use critical thinking as a method to problem solving. Ineffective teams and quality assurance and Improvement should be monitored regularly to address future problems. A fac ilitator may be helpful to gulled the team's decision making process during meetings.You may have employee resistance and cost and there will be cost and time to train and recruit managers, but this must be done to endure success in your firm. Establish a technology based company relationship to market new products/incentives and incorporate into your marketing. Examples Tunes, Apple APS, Play station, Mineshaft, Game Stop, are a few technology ideas you can work with to offer new products or incentives in your marketing. The incentives should be correlated with some type of healthy choice the USSR offers. An example of this would be vegetables or fruit as part of the happy meal.Incorporating the product into a healthy choice will also improve the public and media perception of your organization and demonstrates your flexibility for new innovative ideas that adjust to market trends moving towards health and wellness. Move manufacturing to domestic location- you can respond to the ma rket quicker, avoid Import and export tariffs, and Increase positive media volleyball by supplying more Jobs In the U. S. You an contract or set up your own manufacturing plant to supply your other accounts that use toys and incorporate your new products into production.With and provide Jobs to low income workers and or migrant workers. You can publicize these new opportunities for Jobs and community growth to improve media visibility. One drawback to this would be time. You will have to establish resources and connections to build or contract a manufacturing plant. In conclusion I think you will find these solutions effective with some drawbacks but in the long run will help your organization thrive and adjust to the demanding changes of the future.