Intonation Definition and Examples in Speech

In speech,  intonation is the use of changing (rising and falling) vocal pitch to convey grammatical information or personal attitude. Intonation is particularly important in expressing questions in spoken English. For example, take the sentence, When does the meeting start? The word start—including the question mark—rises up or comes up in your voice when you utter the word, notes the website  English Pronunciation Roadmap. The Musicality of Language Intonation  is the melody or music of a language, says  David Crystal, author of A Little Book of Language. Intonation refers to the way your voice rises and falls as you speak, as in, Its raining, isnt it? (or innit, perhaps) In this sentence, youre not really asking a question: Youre  telling  the listener that its raining, so you give your speech a telling melody. The pitch-level of your voice falls and you sound as if you know what youre talking about, and of course, you do, so youre making a statement. But now imagine that you  dont  know if its raining, says Crystal. You think there might be a shower outside, but youre unsure, so you ask someone to check. You use the same words, but the musicality of your voice makes a different point, as in, Its raining, isnt it? Now youre  asking  the person, so you give your speech an asking melody, says Crystal. The pitch-level of your voice rises, and you sound as if youre asking a question. Pitch and Chunking To understand intonation, its important to comprehend two of its key terms: pitch and chunking.  Encyclopaedia Britannica  notes that pitch is, the relative highness or lowness of a tone as perceived by the ear, which depends on the number of vibrations per second produced by the vocal cords. Everyone has different levels of the pitch in their voice, notes Study.com: Though some are more prone to a higher pitch and some to a lower pitch, we can all change our timbre depending on who we are talking to and why. Timbre  refers to the  quality of sound that distinguishes one  voice or musical instrument from another or one vowel sound from another: It is determined by the harmonics of the sound. Pitch, then, refers to the musicality of your voice and how you use that musicality or timbre to convey meaning. Chunking—and pausing—meanwhile  packages information for the listener, says  the University of Technology (UTS)  in Sydney, adding that speakers divide  speech  into chunks, which may be single words or groups of words to communicate a thought or idea, or to focus on information the speaker thinks is important. UTS gives the following example of chunking: Does it really matter whether people speak with an accent as long as they can be easily understood? This sentence breaks into the following chunks: Does it really matter /whether people speak with an accent /as long as they can be easily understood? // In this example, in each chunk, your pitch would be slightly different to better convey your meaning to the listener. Your voice, essentially, rises and falls in each chunk. Types of Intonation Another key point about intonation involves the rising and falling of your voice. Just as a musical instrument rises and falls in its tone as an accomplished player creates a melody to convey a sense of mood, your voice rises and falls in a similar melodic way to create a sense of meaning. Take this example from an article by Russell Banks, in an article called Adultery, which was published in the April/May 1986 issue of Mother Jones. I mean, what the hell? Right? The speakers voice rises and falls in the separate chunks in these two brief sentences, as follows; I mean /What the hell? /Right? // As the speaker says the first chunk—I mean—the voice falls. Then, during the second phrase—What the heck?—the voice rises, almost like climbing a melodic ladder with each word. The speaker does this to express outrage. Then, with one the last word—Right?—the speakers voice climbs even higher, similar to hitting the elusive  high C in music. This is almost like pushing the sentence to the listener—handing it off if you will—so that the listener will agree with the speaker. (If the listener does not agree, an argument is likely to follow.) And, in the article, the listener  does  indeed agree with the speaker, by responding with, Yes, right. The response is spoken with falling intonation, almost as if the listener is giving in and accepting the dictate of the speaker. By the end of the word right, the responders voice has dropped so much its almost as if the person is giving in. Put another way, intonation is the process of chunking statements (and responses), to deliver packages of meaning. Generally, the initial statement (often a question), may rise and fall in tone, but it generally rises at the end, as the speaker passes off the sentence or question to the listener. And, just as with a musical piece that starts quietly, and crescendos in sound and timber, the tone or sound of the response falls as if the responder is bringing the discussion to a quiet ending, just as a melody quietly comes to a soft finish at the end.

Impact Of Management On International Business Essay

Impacts of Management in International Business A multinational business will face many ethics challenges, but with the right management and the right training, these challenges can be dealt with in an effective and ethical way. It’s sometimes hard to understand the thoughts one may have when making a decision that is unethical. The best thing to do is to think through all options you have and options you think you may not have before taking action. Businesses starting in a new country will face challenges such as having entry level labor that provides quality at a cheap cost. As many people know, there are companies that allow people to work in extremely poor conditions that can and will affect the health of its employees. Poor families send their children to work in these places as well to help provide essentials to living. Another example a business may face is protecting the environment. With the same excuse of needing to be competitive in a new territory, there are costs associated with proper disposal of waste and pollutants. Businesses have resorted to and continue to resort to damaging the environment by dumping their pollutants in rivers and natural habitats. Many countries still have little to no law enforcing proper disposal, resulting in damaging advantages. Finally my last example is dealing with unethical people in the area your business is now operating. When your business opens a location in a developing country, many people are poor. There areShow MoreRelatedThe General Impact of Management in International Business1075 Words   |  5 PagesNowadays the international trade has a considerable extension; the exchange of goods, services, and natural resources is making in all over the world. Transportation and communication become quicker with the precious aid of the new technology. Often, several companies move from their native country to another one. 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Process in an Ideal Weight Free Essays

The topic of weight is very prevalent among people in today’s society. Everywhere we look we find people of all sorts of different weights and appearances. Tall, small, thin, wide, fat and skinny are just a variety of the words we use to describe people. We will write a custom essay sample on Process in an Ideal Weight or any similar topic only for you Order Now Almost no one is completely happy with their weight. We are constantly looking for ways to better ourselves and improve our physical appearance. It is this paper’s purpose to provide information in helping a person feel comfortable with their weight and aid in determining an ideal body weight for you. Topics also include: society’s view on weight, the dangers of various weight-related disorders and diseases, and methods of achieving a recommended healthy weight. The goal is that once you have the proper information you will be able to achieve this ideal weight safely and on your own, giving you an ultimate sense of satisfaction. The question that is constantly being asked is just what is the ideal healthy weight? The ideal body weight is different for every individual as healthy ideal weight depends on a person’s sex, race, and genetics. To quickly simplify and determine an individual’s ideal weight we use a simple chart called the Body Mass Index or BMI for short. This chart determines how much a person should weigh. People can calculate their BMI by dividing their weight in pounds by their height in inches squared and multiplying the resulting number by 704. 5 (Woods 98). A person who weighs 164 pounds and is 68 inches would do the following calculation: 164/4624 x 704. 5 = 25 BMI. A BMI between 18. 5-24. 9 is normal and is called the safe zone (Woods 98). The people in this recommended safe zone are considered to be in the best health. A BMI less than 18. 5 usually means that a person is underweight (Woods 98). Studies indicate that the underweight have an increased risk of death compared to those of normal weight. A BMI of over 30 means obesity, and obese people take a lot of health risks (Woods 98). People with obesity have an increased risk of: high blood pressure, heart attacks, stroke, the most common form of diabetes, gallbladder disease, arthritis, respiratory problems, and certain types of cancer. As long as you fall into or close to the recommended safe zone you should feel comfortable and happy with your weight the way it is. This paper will now discuss the dangers that society’s infatuation with weight can have on a person. It will also provide methods on how a person can change to find a comfortable and healthy weight. Eating disorders are a common and very realistic part of our society. They are seen as the most dangerous health related risks involving weight. Dieting, binge-eating and food obsessions are prevalent among all weight groups. Many people strive to be lighter than their natural weights and exercise excessively and eat sparingly to attain an often-unrealistic weight goal. Societal pressures share blame for producing eating disorders. Some victims of eating disorders feel that others are pressuring them to be thin, making them feel guilty about what they eat (Washington 99). They become isolated from family and friends and turn to food as a release and source of comfort (Washington 99). People with eating disorders excessively exercise and are known to induce vomiting after eating or drinking (Washington 99). Eating disorders target many people in society. The main target group is females, especially in the traditionally masculine cultures. Society places a great deal of emphasis on the physical appearance of a person’s body and this alone is enough to drive someone into an eating disorder. An example is the supermodel with the skin and bones look whom you see on television. With this in mind many women might look at their weight and find themselves socially unacceptable. The result can be an eating disorder. Another target group is athletes. For example, in the sport of gymnastics there is pressure on the female athlete to maintain a low weight and petite slim figure. Since gymnastics is judged on how an athlete looks in competition many gymnasts develop an eating disorder as a result of the importance of body image to the sport. Another example of the occurrence of eating disorders is in boxing and wrestling. Sometimes there is pressure on the athlete to have a rapid weight loss in order to compete in a lower weight class where he or she might have a better chance of winning. There are two main eating disorders that effect many people in society. They are anorexia and bulimia. Anorexia is a deliberate and obsessive starvation in the pursuit of thinness. It is characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming obese, or the disturbance in the way one’s bodyweight size and shape is perceived by another individual (Clark 96). Bulimia is described as recurrent episodes of binge eating and a lack of control over one’s eating behaviour resulting in purging (Clark 96). Purging can be achieved by using laxatives and/or vomiting. Many of the symptoms of eating disorders are similar; however, each disorder is somewhat different. If someone is anorexic, symptoms might be: an extremely thin person, isolation, loneliness, obsessive preoccupation with food as regards: obtaining it, cooking, and eating, and compulsive exercise (Washington 99). If someone is bulimic, you might expect to see: the use of food as a comforter, laxative abuse, mood swings, constant concern about body image and weight, quick trips to the bathroom after meals, excessive exercise, some isolation, and low self-esteem (Washington 99). Both forms of eating disorders are dangerous to your health and can cause major problems, both now and in the future. Some immediate physical problems include constantly feeling cold, bloodshot eyes with dark circles, finger calluses, dizziness, weakness, moodiness, insomnia, swollen glands, sore throat, or dry skin (Washington 99). Some of the long-term effects include gastrointestinal pain, diarrhea and/or constipation, malnutrition, heart attack, permanent damage to internal organs, kidney failure, and death (Washington 99). Family and friends of people affected should be aware of the symptoms and risks associated with disordered eating patterns. It is imperative to avoid becoming a victim to an eating disorder. You will only end up hurting yourself and loved ones around you. Now that the dangers of weight have been discussed an effective method of weight gain and loss will be presented. This information will help you reach a desired ideal weight so you can be happy and take pride in yourself. The topic of weight management is prevalent in today’s society and is discussed from two different perspectives. People might think that they are too small or weak and in this case they will want to put on more weight. On the other hand, others might think that they are too big. In this case they will try to reduce their weight. Requirements of caloric intake differ for everyone. These requirements are determined by age, sex, weight and activity level. The simple definition of weight is the balance between caloric intake and caloric expenditure (Berning 96). Your body weight will change when there is a difference between calories taken in and calories burned up. Taking this into account, for the average person to lose weight the caloric intake must be less than caloric expenditure. Put simply, to lose weight you must eat less, exercise more, or a combination of both. For the average person to lose one pound they would have to run about 35 miles or eat 3,500 fewer calories (Berning 96). This is impossible to do in one day. To put this into perspective the following formula is given: 3,500 calories 7 days per week = 500 calories per day. It can than be said that eating 500 calories less per day will result in a weight loss of one pound per week. The same can be said by combining 250 calories less per day and burning 250 calories in exercise. Weight loss is most successful when diet and exercise are combined. The safe weight loss recommendation for the average person is no more than 1-2 pounds per week (Berning 96). By using this method of losing weight a person will decrease their chance of health problems and achieve their ideal weight. This method of weight loss will leave you with a sense of satisfaction and pride in reaching your ideal weight. The same basic theory applies for weight gain. In order to gain weight you need to consume more calories than you expend (Berning 96). Family history plays a major role in the development of a body. For example, people from thin families are less likely to transform their bodies into bulky muscular ones. A person can increase his chance of gaining weight with improved nutrition and appropriate weight training. Muscle is gained through intense training and the consumption of additional calories. For each pound gained as muscle you would need to consume 500-1000 additional calories each day (Berning 96). The key to weight gain is consistency and with a little hard work the average person should be able to get to his/her desired ideal weight. By combining a high calorie diet and a rigid exercise program you will find that your body will produce weight in the form of muscle, making you healthy and giving you your desired physical body image. We all must act together and make it our priority to help change society’s perception of body images. This can protect everyone by making others feel comfortable with their weight and prevent them from developing eating disorders. Education is essential. By studying our ideal weight in the BMI chart and keeping an eye on the amount of calories in our diet we can stay healthy and feel good about ourselves. This process is aided through complete reinforcement and support from our family and friends. It doesn’t stop there as we all must refrain from prejudicial treatment of fat or thin people and see beyond their weight. It is only then that we can feel comfortable with our weight and develop satisfaction in knowing that we have obtained an ideal healthy lifestyle for ourselves. How to cite Process in an Ideal Weight, Essay examples

Disk4U Enterprise Resource Planning System Implemention

Question: Discuss about the Disk4U Enterprise Resource Planning System Implemention. Answer: Introduction Disk4U Enterprise Resource Planning System Implementionfrom one of their four branches, through a phone call order, a mail order or an EBay network that the company has recently introduced. This extension has made it really obligatory for the company to improve on their existing manual processes of accounting and business reporting. Current Information System Currently, Disk4U Company Ltd is operating accounting and business reporting processes manually. According to AccountsMan (2012), manual systems of accounting and business reporting for business are prone to human errors in the regard that, people can easily miskey data or enter completely inconsistent data. Compared to computerized systems, manual systems are time consuming and report generation is very expensive. Manual accounting and reporting systems also lack security because files and records can be easily stolen or accessed and manipulated. Files can also be destroyed by natural factors including fire and floods. It is very difficult to compile reports with manual accounting systems (Gartenstein 2016). In addition, there can be data entry duplication that can greatly affect final report summaries. It is therefore necessary to acquire and implement a computerized information system in order to minimize the problems discussed above. Business Processes Business processes refer to a collection of actions executed in a precise order in a business organization to achieve goals and objectives as well as to create value for products and services says McLaughlin (2016). They model the flow of all business activities as shown in the illustration below Figure 1: Disk4U Business Process Activities Start defines the start of the process activities Suppliers represents the providers of the raw materials that become. In this case, Sungate suppliers are the farms that sell their produce to them. Inputs represents all the items required to initiate the process flow in the system Processing represents all the events that change the inputs and provides value to them for customers Outputs symbolizes produces that result from the activities Customers represents the products and services consumers End expresses the termination of the process events Business requirements Business requirements simply refers to conditions that must be achieved by a system or as conditions required by users in order to achieve specific objectives (IEEE glossary 2011). Business requirements are key features for business organizations as they allow them to focus and work towards achieving their goals and objectives. Business requirements also aid in reducing business expenses. They make a provision for an organization to operate in a flexible manner (Lodder 2016). Business requirements will for include the following To integrate all business processes To reduce order processing time To synchronize data and information To cater for existing and future stakeholders To increase productivity and profit margin To reduce report compilation time Accounting information systems (AIS) vs. Enterpriseresourceplanning (ERP) Systems Accounting information systems (AISs) are application software systems that allow business to have financial and accounting functions integrated together (AccountsMan 2012). A key role of accounting information systems (AIS) is to enhance the financial operations recordings. Accountants enter the monetary transactions into the AIS to produce information and financial reports for reviewing and decision making. AIS therefore are important in supporting business management to get well-timed information and aid in decision making. AIS are usually server based which deliver an integrated for storing financial information. This allow top managers to have quick access to review the financial evidence for an organization (Al-Muharfi 2014). Accounting information systems are narrowed to only producing chronological bookkeeping and financial records as well as preparing financial reports for lawful purposes.On the other hand, ERP systems incorporate all business functions within the same compa ny to manage functions, human resources and technology (Beal 2017). Benefits of implementing ERP System in Disk4U Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system isa managementsoftware application that encompasses a software suite designed to integrate the processes and purposes within a business in order to manage functions, human resources and technology (ibid). Some benefits that are offered by Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems including the following ERP systems provide dependable information access via a common DBMS ERP systems provide reliable consistent and accurate data thus generating improved reports Modules access similar data from the common central database, circumvents numerous input and update data operations Minimizing of retrieval and reporting response times Value-added control by business analysis of managerial decisions. Extended modules including Customer relationship management (CRM) E-Commerce and e-business provisioning Systems Requirements System requirements define all the functions which the system as a whole should accomplish to fulfill theneeds of the users (Sebok 2015). Requirements are articulated as textual statements, views, functional and non-functional requirements including security, safety and reliability (ibid). User requirements will include Access to an internet enabled computer system Log in into the ERP system using credentials including an ID and a secret PIN Log out of the ERP system Functional Requirements Functional requirements comprise functionalities that the system is projected to behave when users interact with it including how it ought to react to various kinds of input. Functional requirements for the ERP system include the following The system is built on a client server- architecture The system uses a central database The system allows users to able to describe and perform data manipulations functions The system has functionality to allow add-ons Non Functional Requirements Non -Functional Requirements include the boundaries on the functionalities to be delivered by the system such as time constraints and procedure constraints. Non-Functional Requirements for the system include the following The system interacts with the users as expected The system allows multiple user access The system provides security measures Software and Vendor Selection Sage 300 ERP Sage 300 is an ERP application software in the area of business administration and accounting for medium and small sized companies (Sage300 2016). Sage 300 was developed and is distributed by the Sage Group (ibid). The Sage Group is the third-largest provider ofenterprise resource planning (ERP)software and the largest provider to small businesses with over 6 million customers globally (Boyd 2017). Some of Sage 300 key features include accounting and finance, inventory and warehousing, sales and customer management and business intelligence and reporting (ibid). Sage 300 will provide an integrated solution for Disk4U business operations. It will allow provision for visibility providing a platform to share data and information. Sage 300 will also allow Disk4U to choose the best modules, edition, and placement procedure and payment method. The business intelligence and reporting module will make a provision of allowing data access to classify any upcoming details, perform precise analy sis and take direct action to expand performance (Sage300 2016). Conclusion Information technology (IT) is progressively becoming a central part of economic and social development around the globe. With it, have come many technologies for use in the corporate world that enable companies to better and improve overall performance and productivity. Many businesses are now adopting new IT technologies including ERPs to improve business operations. It is from this perspective that the analysts performed an analysis in order to develop a solution for enhancing business operations for the company especially in the area of finance and accounting report generation. ERP implementation will integrate business processes increasing access and information sharing. Because the system incorporates a single common database, all the company data and information will be synchronized at all the localities and hence prevent data mismatch and errors. It will enable Disk4U to compile timely reports. The ERP system will provide data and information security. By analyzing the system decisively; the analysts realized that the ERP would be beneficial to both the company and its customers at large. Recommendation The analysts recommend that Disk4U implement the Sage300 ERP system. The system will integrate all its business functions including accounting, finance, sales and finance. Transactions will be handled automatically by the system reducing the number of errors existing with the manual information system. This will decrease time wastage and depletion. Report generation will be done on time and insights and decisions to improve her business processes will be made. By implementing the ERP system, all the data and information in the company branches will be synchronized enhancing general operations and overall improve business productivity. References Al-Muharfi, A. (2014), Accounting Information System Lessons from Implementing Enterprise Resource Planning in a Saudi Case Study.Trends in Applied Sciences Research, 9: 326-344. . [Online], Available: https://www.scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=tasr.2014.326.344org=10 [Accessed 20 Jan 2017]. 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(2011), The Quest For Good Requirements, [Online], Available: https://www.batimes.com/articles/the-quest-for-good-requirements.html [Accessed 22 Jan 2017]. Lodder, H. (2016), Benefits of Business Requirements Management [Online], Available: https://requirements-management.nl/benefits-business-requirements-management[Accessed 22 Jan 2017]. McLaughlin, E. (2016) Business process, TechTarget, [Online], Available: https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/business-process [Accessed 22 Jan. 2017]. Sage300. (2017), Sage 300 business management solutions, [online], Available: https://www.sage.com/us/erp/sage-300 [Accessed 23 Jan 2017]. SEBoK. (2015), System Requirements, [Online], Available: https://sebokwiki.org/wiki/System_Requirements [Accessed 21 Jan 2017].